Cyclic Redundancy Check Circuit And Semiconductor Device Having The Cyclic Redundancy Check Circuit

ABSTRACT

An object of the present invention is to provide a CRC circuit with more simple structure and low power consumption. The CRC circuit includes a first shift register to a p-th shift register, a first EXOR to a (p−1)th EXOR, and a switching circuit. A data signal, a select signal, and an output of a last stage of the p-th shift register are inputted to the switching circuit, and the switching circuit switches a first signal or a second signal in response to the select signal to be outputted.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/147,652, filed Jan. 6, 2014, now allowed, which is a continuation ofU.S. application Ser. No. 12/768,217, filed Apr. 27, 2010, now U.S. Pat.No. 8,627,170, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.11/533,169, filed Sep. 19, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,712,009, whichclaims the benefit of a foreign priority application filed in Japan asSerial No. 2005-273356 on Sep. 21, 2005, all of which are incorporatedby reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a cyclic redundancy check circuit, anda semiconductor device having the cyclic redundancy check circuit. Thepresent invention further relates to an electronic apparatus having thesemiconductor device, and a wireless communication system using thesemiconductor device.

BACKGROUND ART

There is a semiconductor device for transmitting/receiving a data signalby wireless communication such as a wireless tag (also called an IC tag,an IC chip, an RF (Radio Frequency) tag, an RFID (Radio FrequencyIdentification) tag, an electronic tag, or a transponder). In a devicefor transmitting/receiving a data signal, cyclic redundancy checking(CRC) is performed for checking whether the data signal is transmittedaccurately. In the cyclic redundancy checking, a polynomial (called acode polynomial) in which each bit of a received data signal is set as acoefficient is divided by a predetermined generator polynomial, and acoefficient of a remainder polynomial (hereinafter called a CRC code) iscalculated. The CRC code is compared to a predetermined signal so thatit is determined whether the received data signal is correct.

As for a circuit for performing cyclic redundancy checking (a cyclicredundancy check circuit), a structure having a plurality of delayelements and a plurality of exclusive OR circuits is proposed (Reference1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 10-107650).

The structure of the cyclic redundancy check circuit is described withreference to FIG. 12. In FIG. 12, a cyclic redundancy check circuitincludes delay elements S0 to S15 and exclusive OR circuits EXOR 0 toEXOR 2 which calculate an exclusive OR of two inputted signals.

The delay elements S0 to S4 sequentially output a signal which isshifted, in synchronization with a clock signal 181. That is, the delayelements S0 to S4 form a first shift register (denoted by SR 1 in FIG.12). The delay elements S5 to S11 sequentially output a signal which isshifted, in synchronization with the clock signal 181. That is, thedelay elements S5 to S11 form a second shift register (denoted by SR 2in FIG. 12). The delay elements S12 to S15 also sequentially output asignal which is shifted, in synchronization with the clock signal 181.That is, the delay elements S12 to S15 form a third shift register(denoted by SR 3 in FIG. 12). An output of the exclusive OR circuit EXOR0 is inputted to the delay element S0 of the first shift register SR 1.An output of S4 of the first shift register and the output of theexclusive OR circuit EXOR 0 are inputted to the exclusive OR circuitEXOR 1. An output of the exclusive OR circuit EXOR 1 is inputted to S5of the second shift register. An output of S11 of the second shiftregister and the output of the exclusive OR circuit EXOR 0 are inputtedto the exclusive OR circuit EXOR 2. An output of the exclusive ORcircuit EXOR 2 is inputted to S12 of the third shift register. A datasignal 182 and an output of S15 of the third shift register are inputtedto the exclusive OR circuit EXOR 0.

The cyclic redundancy check circuit having the aforementioned structurecalculates a 16-bit CRC code corresponding to the inputted data signal182, and outputs the CRC code from out_1 to out_16 in parallel.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

In the case of receiving a data signal, a CRC code corresponding to thedata signal is calculated, the CRC code is outputted in parallel, andthe CRC code is compared to a predetermined signal so that it may bedetermined whether the received data signal is correct. On the otherhand, in the case of transmitting a data signal, it is required that aCRC code corresponding to the data signal be calculated and the CRC codebe added to the data signal in serial.

However, in a conventional cyclic redundancy check circuit, a CRC codecan be outputted only in parallel, not in serial. This is because, sincea signal is changed when a signal is transmitted from a shift registerto a next shift register through an exclusive OR circuit, not all ofsignals stored in respective delay elements of all shift registers canbe shifted and outputted.

In the conventional cyclic redundancy check circuit, in order to outputthe CRC code stored in each delay element of the shift register inserial, a circuit which once holds the CRC codes outputted in paralleland sequentially outputs the CRC codes is required. For example, inaddition to a shift register for calculating the CRC code, another shiftregister or the like is required. Therefore, a structure of the cyclicredundancy check circuit is complicated, which results in a largercircuit. Further, in accordance with the larger circuit, powerconsumption is increased.

In view of the aforementioned conditions, an object of the presentinvention is to provide a cyclic redundancy check circuit in which a CRCcode corresponding to a data signal can be calculated, the CRC code canbe outputted in parallel, and the CRC code can be compared to apredetermined signal in the case of receiving the data signal, and a CRCcode corresponding to a data signal can be calculated, and the CRC codecan be sequentially outputted in serial in the case of transmitting thedata signal, with more simple structure and low power consumption.

In order to solve the aforementioned problems, the present invention hasthe following structure.

A cyclic redundancy check circuit includes a first shift register to ap-th (p is a natural number greater than 1) shift register, a firstexclusive OR circuit to a (p−1)th exclusive OR circuit, and a switchingcircuit.

Each of the first to p-th shift registers has one stage or a pluralityof stages connected in cascade, and outputs an inputted signal havingbeen delayed in synchronization with a clock signal from each stage.That is, each shift register of the first to p-th shift registers hasone stage or a plurality of stages connected in cascade. An inputtedsignal is delayed and then outputted from the one stage or each stage ofthe plurality of stages. The output of signal from the one stage or theplurality of stages is performed in synchronization with a clock signal.The first to (p−1)th exclusive OR circuits calculate an exclusive OR oftwo inputted signals. A data signal, a select signal, and an output of alast stage of the p-th shift register are inputted to the switchingcircuit, and one of a first signal or a second signal is switched inresponse to the select signal to be outputted. An output of theswitching circuit is inputted to a first stage of the first shiftregister. An output of a last stage of an r-th (r is a natural numbersmaller than p) shift register and the output of the switching circuitare inputted to an r-th exclusive OR circuit. An output of the r-thexclusive OR circuit is inputted to a first stage of a (r+1)th shiftregister.

The first signal is an exclusive OR of the data signal and an output ofthe last stage of the p-th shift register. The second signal is “0”.Here, “0” shows that a digital signal is a logical value of “0”. Notethat the second signal may be a signal for equalizing an output of ther-th exclusive OR circuit with the output of the last stage of the r-thshift register when the second signal is inputted to the r-th exclusiveOR circuit.

In addition, the cyclic redundancy check circuit may include adetermination circuit and a first memory circuit. The first to p-thshift registers have a structure including s (s is a natural numberequal to or greater than p) second memory circuits for storing a 1-bitsignal. Signals stored in the s second memory circuits are inputted tothe determination circuit as an s-bit output in parallel. Thedetermination circuit outputs a different signal in response to whetherthe s-bit output matches a predetermined signal stored in the firstmemory circuit.

The cyclic redundancy check circuit having the aforementioned structureincludes the switching circuit, so that, without adding a new shiftregister or the like, the cyclic redundancy check circuit can switchbetween the case where a CRC code corresponding to a data signal iscalculated and the CRC code is outputted in parallel, and the case wherea CRC code corresponding to a data signal is calculated and the CRC codeis outputted sequentially in serial. Accordingly, a cyclic redundancycheck circuit with more simple structure and low power consumption canbe provided.

Therefore, a semiconductor device using the cyclic redundancy checkcircuit can be downsized and power consumption thereof can be decreased.Further, an electronic apparatus using the semiconductor device can bedownsized and power consumption thereof can be decreased. In particular,in the case where the semiconductor device is a wireless chip, since thechip can be downsized and power consumption thereof can be decreased,the kind of objects to which the chip is provided can be increased andthe application scope of a wireless communication system using the chipcan be extended.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a structure of Embodiment Mode 1.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a structure of Embodiment Mode 1.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a structure of Embodiment Mode 1.

FIGS. 4A to 4D are diagrams showing a structure of Embodiment Mode 2.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are diagrams showing a structure of Embodiment Mode 1.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a structure of Embodiment Mode 3.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a structure of Embodiment Mode 3.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are diagrams showing a structure of Embodiment Mode 4.

FIGS. 9A and 9B are diagrams showing a structure of Embodiment Mode 4.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are diagrams showing a structure of Embodiment Mode 4.

FIGS. 11A to 11D are diagrams showing a structure of Embodiment Mode 2.

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a conventional structure.

FIGS. 13A and 13B are diagrams showing a structure of Embodiment Mode 5.

FIGS. 14A to 14D are diagrams showing Embodiment 1.

FIGS. 15A to 15D are diagrams showing Embodiment 1.

FIGS. 16A and 16B are diagrams showing Embodiment 1.

FIGS. 17A to 17C are diagrams showing Embodiment 2.

FIGS. 18A to 18C are diagrams showing Embodiment 6.

FIGS. 19A to 19E are diagrams showing Embodiment 6.

FIG. 20 is a diagram showing Embodiment 3.

FIGS. 21A to 21E are diagrams showing Embodiment 3.

FIGS. 22A and 22B are diagrams showing Embodiment 4.

FIGS. 23A and 23B are diagrams showing Embodiment 4.

FIGS. 24A and 24B are diagrams showing Embodiment 4.

FIGS. 25A and 25B are diagrams showing Embodiment 5.

FIGS. 26A to 26C are diagrams showing Embodiment 5.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Embodiment Mode

Embodiment modes of the present invention will be described in detailwith reference to the drawings. However, the present invention is notlimited to the following description, and it is to be easily understoodby those skilled in the art that modes and details can be changedvariously without departing from the purpose and the scope of thepresent invention. Therefore, the present invention is not interpretedas being limited to the following description of embodiment modes. Inthe structure of the present invention described hereinafter, referencenumerals and symbols indicating the same things are used in common inthe different drawings. In addition, in the present invention, “beconnected” is synonymous with “be electrically connected”, so thatanother element or the like may be interposed.

Embodiment Mode 1

In Embodiment Mode 1, a structure of a cyclic redundancy check circuitof the present invention and an operation thereof are described withreference to FIGS. 1 to 3.

FIG. 1 shows a structure of a cyclic redundancy check circuit. Thecyclic redundancy check circuit includes a first shift register (denotedby SR 1 in FIG. 1) to a p-th (p is a natural number greater than 1)shift register (denoted by SR p in FIG. 1), a first exclusive OR circuit(denoted by EXOR 1 in FIG. 1) to a (p−1)th exclusive OR circuit (denotedby EXOR (p−1) in FIG. 1), and a switching circuit 101.

Each of the first shift register SR 1 to the p-th shift register SR phas one stage or a plurality of stages connected in cascade, and outputsan inputted signal having been delayed in synchronization with a clocksignal from each stage. That is, each shift register of the first shiftregister SR 1 to p-th shift register SR p has one stage or a pluralityof stages connected in cascade. An inputted signal is delayed and thenoutputted from the one stage or each stage of the plurality of stages.The output of signal from the one stage or the plurality of stages isperformed in synchronization with a clock signal.

Here, a structural example of each of the first shift register SR 1 tothe p-th shift register SR p is described with reference to FIGS. 5A and5B. FIG. 5A is a diagram showing a structure of an arbitrary shiftregister (denoted by SR in FIG. 5A) from among the first shift registerSR 1 to the p-th shift register SR p. The shift register SR includes afirst stage to a u-th (u is a natural number) stage, and an input signal153 and a clock signal 152 are inputted to the shift register SR. Theinput signal 153 is inputted to the first stage, and an output of apreceding stage is inputted to a subsequent stage. Each stage isconnected such that an output of a preceding stage is inputted to asubsequent stage, which is called cascade connection. Each of the firststage to the u-th stage can be formed using a delay element including a1-bit memory circuit. A D-type flip-flop circuit or the like can be usedas the delay element.

Note that although FIG. 5A shows the shift register SR including theplurality of stages, a shift register including only one stage may beused. That is, a shift register in which at least one shift registeramong the first shift register SR 1 to the p-th shift register SR p maybe a shift register including only one stage.

FIG. 5B illustrates a timing chart showing a driving method of the shiftregister having the structure shown in FIG. 5A. As FIG. 5B, the inputsignal 153 is delayed in synchronization with the clock signal 152 andthe shift register SR outputs the delayed input signal sequentially fromeach stage of the first stage to the u-th stage. In FIGS. 5A and 5B,outputs from respective stages are denoted by out_1 to out_u. The out_1to the out_u are an output 151 of the shift register SR. In the circuitshown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, in an arbitrary stage, an example in which asignal outputted to the subsequent stage and a signal to be an output ofthe shift register SR are equal to each other is shown; however, thepresent invention is not limited to this. In an arbitrary stage, asignal to be the output of the shift register SR may be a signalinverted with respect to a signal to be outputted to the subsequentstage.

FIG. 1 is referred to again. The first exclusive OR circuit EXOR 1 tothe (p−1)th exclusive OR circuit EXOR (p−1) calculate an exclusive OR oftwo inputted signals. A data signal 131, a select signal 132, and anoutput 103 of the last stage of the p-th shift register SR p areinputted to the switching circuit 101, and one of a first signal or asecond signal is switched in response to the select signal 132 to beoutputted as an output 102. The output 102 of the switching circuit 101is inputted to a first stage of the first shift register SR 1. An outputof a last stage of an r-th (r is a natural number smaller than p) shiftregister SR r and the output 102 of the switching circuit 101 areinputted to an r-th exclusive OR circuit EXOR r. An output of the r-thexclusive OR circuit EXOR r, is inputted to a first stage of a (r+1)thshift register SR (r+1).

The first signal is an exclusive OR of the data signal 131 and theoutput 103 of the last stage of the p-th shift register SR p. The secondsignal is “0”. Here, “0” shows that a digital signal is a logical valueof “0”. Note that the second signal may be a signal for equalizing theoutput of the r-th exclusive OR circuit EXOR r with the output of thelast stage of the r-th shift register SR r when the second signal isinputted to the r-th exclusive OR circuit EXOR r.

While the first signal is outputted from the output 102 of the switchingcircuit 101, the cyclic redundancy check circuit outputs an s-bit CRCcode in parallel (an s-bit output 104 in FIG. 1). On the other hand,while the second signal is outputted from the output 102 of theswitching circuit 101, the first shift register SR 1 to the p-th shiftregister SR p are operated as one shift register on the whole, and thecyclic redundancy check circuit outputs the s-bit CRC code as the output103 in serial.

A specific structural example of the switching circuit 101 is shown inFIG. 2. The switching circuit 101 includes an exclusive OR circuit EXOR111 and a selector 112. The output 103 and the data signal 131 areinputted to the exclusive OR circuit EXOR 111, and an exclusive OR ofthe output 103 and the data signal 131 is calculated and inputted to theselector 112. The selector 112 switches between an output of theexclusive OR circuit EXOR 111 and the data signal 131 in response to theselect signal 132 to be outputted as the output 102.

The data signal 131 and the select signal 132 are described withreference to FIG. 3. Note that FIGS. 1 and 2 are also referred to in thedescription. In addition, the selector 112 outputs a signal inputted toIN1 from Y when the select signal 132 inputted to S is a logical valueof “1”, and the selector 112 outputs a signal inputted to IN2 from Ywhen the select signal 132 is “0”.

The data signal 131 is formed of a received data signal, a transmitteddata signal, and a “0” signal when there is neither a received datasignal nor a transmitted data signal.

As shown in FIG. 3, after the received data signal in serial is inputtedas the data signal 131, the cyclic redundancy check circuit (the CRCcircuit) calculates a CRC code corresponding to the received data signal(during a period denoted by TC1 in FIG. 3). When the calculation of theCRC code is terminated, a calculation result, that is, an obtained CRCcode is outputted in parallel (during a period denoted by TO1 in FIG.3). By using the CRC code outputted in parallel, an error of thereceived data signal is checked. In TC1 and TO1, the select signal 132is “1”.

Next, after the transmitted data signal in serial is inputted as thedata signal, the cyclic redundancy check circuit (the CRC circuit)calculates a CRC code corresponding to the transmitted data signal(during a period denoted by TC2 in FIG. 3). When the calculation of theCRC code is terminated, a calculation result, that is, an obtained CRCcode is outputted in serial (during a period denoted by TO2 in FIG. 3).The CRC code outputted in serial is added to the transmitted datasignal. In TO2, the select signal 132 is “0”.

Note that in FIG. 3, the select signal 132 is “1” in all periods otherthan TO2; however, the present invention is not limited to this. As longas the select signal 132 is “1” in TC1 and TO1, and is “0” in TO2, theselect signal 132 may be either “1” or “0” in the other period.

Accordingly, the cyclic redundancy check circuit (the CRC circuit) canswitch between the case where the CRC code corresponding to the receiveddata signal is calculated and the CRC code is outputted in parallel andthe case where the CRC code corresponding to the transmitted data signalis calculated and the CRC code is sequentially outputted in serial.

In addition, as shown in FIG. 1, the cyclic redundancy check circuit canhave a structure including a determination circuit 105. The first shiftregister SR 1 to the p-th shift register SR p have a structure includings (s is a natural number equal to or greater than p) memory circuitsstoring a 1-bit signal. Here, with reference to FIG. 5A, the totalnumber of stages included in the first shift register SR 1 to the p-thshift register SR p corresponds to s. As shown in FIG. 1, signals storedin the s memory circuits are inputted to the determination circuit 105as the s-bit output 104 in parallel. The s-bit output 104 is a CRC codecorresponding to the received data signal. The determination circuit 105outputs a different signal as an output 106, in response to whether thes-bit output matches a predetermined s-bit signal 144. The predetermineds-bit signal 144 is stored in a memory circuit other than the s memorycircuits. For example, the predetermined s-bit signal 144 is stored in amask ROM or the like.

Accordingly, the cyclic redundancy check circuit (the CRC circuit) cancalculate the CRC code corresponding to the received data signal, outputthe CRC code in parallel, and determine whether the CRC code matches thepredetermined signal.

Embodiment Mode 2

In this embodiment mode, a structure of the determination circuit 105 ofFIG. 1 is described specifically with reference to FIGS. 4A to 4D and11A to 11D. Note that the same portions as those in FIGS. 1 and 2 aredenoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof isomitted.

Each of FIGS. 4A to 4D and 11A to 11D is a structural example of thedetermination circuit 105.

In FIG. 4A, the determination circuit 105 includes s matching circuits(EXNORs) 147 and an AND circuit 148. The s matching circuits (EXNORs)147 determine whether the s-bit output 104 and the predetermined s-bitsignal 144 match per bit. That is, one matching circuit (EXNOR) 147corresponds to a v-th (v is a natural number in the range of 1 to s)bit. A v-th bit signal of the s-bit output 104 and a v-th bit signal ofthe predetermined s-bit signal 144 are inputted to the matching circuit(EXNOR) 147. In the case where the two inputted signals match, “1” isoutputted, and in the case where the two inputted signals do not match,“0” is outputted. Outputs of the s matching circuits (EXNORs) 147 areinputted to the AND circuit 148. In the case where all the outputs ofthe s matching circuits (EXNORs) 147 are “1”, the AND circuit 148outputs “1”, and in the other cases, the AND circuit 148 outputs “0”.That is, the AND circuit 148 outputs “1” in the case where the s-bitoutput 104 and the predetermined s-bit signal 144 match, and the ANDcircuit outputs “0” in the cases other than that. An output of the ANDcircuit 148 is the output 106 of the determination circuit 105.

The determination circuit 105 shown in FIG. 4B is different in that theoutput of the AND circuit 148 is outputted through an output controlcircuit 145, than the structure shown in FIG. 4A. Since the otherportions are the same as those in FIG. 4A, description thereof isomitted. The output of the AND circuit 148 and an output control signal146 are inputted to the output control circuit 145. The output controlcircuit 145 controls whether the output of the AND circuit 148 isoutputted as the output 106, depending on the output control signal 146.Thus, except when a decision result of the received data signal isoutputted, the output 106 can be kept not to be outputted. Therefore,such risk can be prevented that the output 106 becomes “0” duringcalculation of the CRC code or the like, and a circuit controlled usingthe decision result malfunctions.

The determination circuit 105 shown in FIG. 4C is different from thestructure shown in FIG. 4A in the following points: the outputs of the smatching circuits (EXNORs) 147 are not inputted to the AND circuit 148but inputted to a first NAND 149 a and a second NAND 149 b, and outputsof the first NAND 149 a and the second NAND 149 b are inputted to a NOR150; and an output of the NOR 150 is the output 106. Since the otherportions are the same as those in FIG. 4A, description thereof isomitted. The first NAND 149 a determines whether all of a first bit to aq-th (q is a natural number which is 1 or more and less than s) bitsignals match in the s-bit output 104 and the predetermined s-bit signal144. When they match, “0” is outputted, and in the other cases, “1” isoutputted. The second NAND 149 b determines whether all of a (q+1)th bitto the s bit signals match in the s-bit output 104 and the predetermineds-bit signal 144. When they match, “0” is outputted, and in the othercases, “1” is outputted. Thus, the NOR 150 outputs “1” when the s-bitoutput 104 and the predetermined s-bit signal 144 match, and the NOR 150outputs “0” in the other cases.

In the structure shown in FIG. 4C, the AND 148 in FIG. 4A is formedusing a plurality of elements of the first NAND 149 a, the second NAND149 b, and the NOR 150. Accordingly, in the structure shown in FIG. 4C,the number of input terminals of each element can be reduced. Thus,layout can be facilitated when the determination circuit 105 is actuallymanufactured.

A structure shown in FIG. 4D is different from the structure shown inFIG. 4C in that the output of the NOR 150 is outputted through theoutput control circuit 145. Since the other portions are the same asthose in FIG. 4C, description thereof is omitted. The output of the NOR150 and the output control signal 146 are inputted to the output controlcircuit 145. The output control circuit 145 controls whether the outputof the NOR 150 is outputted as the output 106, depending on the outputcontrol signal 146. Thus, the output 106 can be kept not to be outputtedexcept when a decision result of the received data signal is outputted.Therefore, such risk can be prevented that the output 106 becomes “0”during the calculation of the CRC code or the like, and a circuitcontrolled using the decision result malfunctions.

In FIGS. 11A and 11B, the determination circuit 105 includes the ANDcircuit 148. The circuit shown in FIG. 11A corresponds to the case wherethe s matching circuits (EXNORs) 147 are eliminated in the circuit shownin FIG. 4A.

In general, the received data signal is considered as data including itsCRC code, and it is known that when the CRC code is calculated, anobtained CRC code is a predetermined signal regardless of the receivedsignal. For example, FIG. 11A is an example of the case where all bitsof the predetermined s-bit signal 144 are “0”. At this time, in the casewhere the received data signal has no error, all bits of a calculatedCRC code are “0”. Accordingly, in the case where the received datasignal has no error, all of signals inverted with respect to respectivebit signals of the calculated CRC code are to be “1”. Therefore, thesignals inverted with respect to the respective bit signals of thecalculated CRC code are inputted to the AND 148 as the s-bit output 104,so that it is possible to determine whether each bit of the calculatedCRC code and each bit of the predetermined s-bit signal 144 match. Inthe case where each bit of the calculated CRC code and each bit of thepredetermined s-bit signal 144 match, “1” is outputted, and in the casewhere each bit of the calculated CRC code and each bit of thepredetermined s-bit signal 144 do not match, “0” is outputted.

In addition, FIG. 11B is an example of the case where the predetermineds-bit signal 144 is a 12-bit signal of “111100000111” (described inorder from a twelfth bit to a first bit). At this time, in the casewhere the received data signal has no error, the calculated CRC code is“111100000111” (described in order from a twelfth bit to a first bit).Accordingly, in the case where the received data signal has no error,all signals inverted with respect to only a fourth-bit to an eighth-bitsignals of the calculated CRC code (in FIG. 11B, an inverted signal isdenoted by QB and a signal which is not inverted is denoted by Q) are tobe “1”. Accordingly, by inputting the signals inverted with respect toonly the fourth-bit to the eighth-bit signals of the calculated CRC codeto the AND 148 as the s-bit output 104, it is possible to determinewhether each bit of the calculated CRC code and each bit of thepredetermined s-bit signal 144 match. In the case where each bit of thecalculated CRC code and each bit of the predetermined s-bit signal 144match, “1” is outputted, and in the case where each bit of thecalculated CRC code and each bit of the predetermined s-bit signal 144do not match, “0” is outputted.

FIG. 11C is an example of the case where all bits of the predetermineds-bit signal 144 are “0” like in FIG. 11A. A difference from FIG. 11A isin that the AND 148 is formed using a plurality of elements of the firstNAND 149 a, the second NAND 149 b, and the NOR 150 similarly to FIG. 4C.

FIG. 11D is an example of the case where the predetermined s-bit signal144 is a 12-bit signal of (111100000111) like in FIG. 11B. A differencefrom FIG. 11B is in that the AND 148 is formed using a plurality ofelements of the first NAND 149 a, the second NAND 149 b, and the NOR 150similarly to FIG. 4C.

Note that in FIGS. 11A to 11D, similarly to FIGS. 4B and 4D, the outputof the AND 148 may be provided with the output control circuit 145.

This embodiment mode can be implemented freely combining with EmbodimentMode 1.

Embodiment Mode 3

In this embodiment mode, a structure corresponding to a standard ofCRC16-CCITT (also called CRC-ITU-T) is described. In the standard ofCRC16-CCITT, a generator polynomial is denoted by X¹⁶+X¹²+X⁵+1, and aCRC code has 16 bits; that is, s is 16 in the aforementioned embodimentmodes.

A structural example of a cyclic redundancy check circuit correspondingto the standard of CRC16-CCITT is described with reference to FIGS. 6and 7.

As shown in FIG. 6, the cyclic redundancy check circuit includes thefirst shift register SR 1, the second shift register SR 2, the thirdshift register SR 3, the first exclusive OR circuit EXOR 1, the secondexclusive OR circuit EXOR 2, and the switching circuit 101.

The first shift register SR 1 has five stages connected in cascade, andoutputs an inputted signal having been delayed in synchronization withthe clock signal 152 from each stage. That is, an inputted signal isdelayed and then outputted from each of the five stages connected incascade. The output of signals from the five stages is performed insynchronization with a clock signal 152. The second shift register SR 2has seven stages connected in cascade, and outputs an inputted signalhaving been delayed in synchronization with the clock signal 152 fromeach stage. That is, an inputted signal is delayed and then outputtedfrom each of the seven stages connected in cascade. The output ofsignals from the seven stages is performed in synchronization with aclock signal 152. The third shift register SR 3 has four stagesconnected in cascade, and outputs an inputted signal having been delayedin synchronization with the clock signal 152 from each stage. That is,an inputted signal is delayed and then outputted from each of the fourstages connected in cascade. The output of signals from the four stagesis performed in synchronization with a clock signal 152. Each of thefirst exclusive OR circuit EXOR 1 and the second exclusive OR circuitEXOR 2 calculates an exclusive OR of two inputted signals (correspondingto a signal inputted to A and a signal inputted to B in FIG. 6). Thedata signal 131, the select signal 132, and the output 103 of a fourthstage of the third shift register SR 3 are inputted to the switchingcircuit 101, and one of the first signal or the second signal isswitched in response to the select signal 132 to be outputted. Theoutput 102 of the switching circuit 101 is inputted to the first stageof the first shift register SR 1. An output of a fifth stage of thefirst shift register SR 1 and the output 102 of the switching circuit101 are inputted to the first exclusive OR circuit EXOR 1. An output(corresponding to a signal outputted from Y in FIG. 6) of the firstexclusive OR circuit EXOR 1 is inputted to a first stage of the secondshift register SR 2. An output of a seventh stage of the second shiftregister SR 2 and the output 102 of the switching circuit 101 areinputted to the second exclusive OR circuit EXOR 2. An output(corresponding to a signal outputted from Y in FIG. 6) of the secondexclusive OR circuit EXOR 2 is inputted to a first stage of the thirdshift register SR 3.

The first signal is an exclusive OR of the data signal 131 and theoutput of the fourth stage of the third shift register SR 3, and thesecond signal is “0”. Note that the second signal is not limited as longas the output of the first exclusive OR circuit EXOR 1 is equalized withthe output of the fifth stage of the first shift register SR 1 when thesecond signal is inputted to the first exclusive OR circuit EXOR 1, andthe output of the second exclusive OR circuit EXOR 2 is equalized withthe output of the seventh stage of the second shift register SR 2 whenthe second signal is inputted to the second exclusive OR circuit EXOR 2.

FIG. 6 shows a structural example in which a set-type D-type flip-flopcircuit (denoted by DFS in FIG. 6) is used for each of plural stagesincluded in the first shift register SR 1 to the third shift register SR3. One set-type D-type flip-flop circuit DFS is a memory circuit forstoring a 1-bit signal and corresponds to one stage. Outputs of 16set-type D-type flip-flop circuits DFSs are a 16-bit CRC code. A shiftregister reset signal 154 is inputted to set terminals (each denoted byXS in FIG. 6) of the 16 set-type D-type flip-flop circuits DFSs. Withthe shift register reset signal 154, before starting calculation of theCRC code, information stored in the 16 set-type D-type flip-flopcircuits DFSs can be initialized.

Since a structure of the switching circuit 101 and an operation thereofare the same as those of described in Embodiment Mode 1 with referenceto FIGS. 2 and 3, description thereof is omitted here.

Thus, in response to the standard of CRC16-CCITT, the cyclic redundancycheck circuit (the CRC circuit) can switch between the case where theCRC code corresponding to the received data signal is calculated and theCRC code is outputted in parallel and the case where the CRC codecorresponding to the transmitted data signal is calculated and the CRCcode is sequentially outputted in serial.

In addition, the cyclic redundancy check circuit may have adetermination circuit as shown in FIG. 7. Signals stored in the firstshift register SR 1 to the third shift register SR 3 in FIG. 6 areinputted to the determination circuit as the 16-bit output 104 inparallel. The determination circuit outputs a different signal inresponse to whether the 16-bit output 104 matches the predetermined16-bit signal 144.

Here, the receive data signal is considered as data including its CRCcode, and it is known that when the CRC code is calculated, an obtainedCRC code is a predetermined signal regardless of the received datasignal. It is known that in the case of the standard of CRC16-CCITT, apredetermined signal is “F0B8” in hexadecimal notation, that is, “11110000 1011 1000” (described in order from a sixteenth bit to a firstbit.) in binary notation. Then, similarly to the structure of thedetermination circuit shown in FIG. 11D, signals inverted with respectto only signals of the first bit to the third bit, a seventh bit, and aninth bit to a twelfth bit of the calculated CRC code are inputted tothe first NAND 149 a and the second NAND 149 b as the s-bit output 104.Therefore, as shown in FIG. 6, in the first shift register SR 1 to thethird shift register SR 3, an inverted output (QB) of the DFS is anoutput in stages corresponding to the signals of the first bit to thethird bit, the seventh bit, and the ninth bit to the twelfth bit of thecalculated CRC code, while a non-inverted output (Q) of the DFS is anoutput in the other stages. Thus, in the case where each bit of thecalculated CRC code and each bit of the predetermined s-bit signal 144match, “1” is outputted, and in the case where each bit of thecalculated CRC code and each bit of the predetermined s-bit signal 144do not match, “0” is outputted. Therefore, an error of the received datasignal can be determined.

Note that in the determination circuit shown in FIG. 7, the output ofthe NOR 150 is inputted to the output control circuit 145. The output ofthe output control circuit 145 is the output 106 of the determinationcircuit. A structure of the output control circuit 145 is basicallysimilar to the structures described in Embodiment Mode 2 with referenceto FIGS. 4B and 4D. The output control circuit 145 in FIG. 7 is formedof a reset-type D-type flip-flop circuit (denoted by DFR in FIG. 7). Anoutput reset signal 171 is inputted to a reset terminal (denoted by XRin FIG. 7) of the reset-type D-type flip-flop circuit DFR. Depending onthe output reset signal 171, before the determination circuit outputs aresult, the output of the determination circuit can be initialized.

Although an example of the case corresponding to the standard ofCRC16-CCITT is described in this embodiment mode, the present inventionis not limited to this. The present invention can be applied to a cyclicredundancy check circuit corresponding to an arbitrary standard.

This embodiment mode can be implemented freely combining with EmbodimentMode 1 and Embodiment Mode 2.

Embodiment Mode 4

In this embodiment mode, more specific structures of the selector 112included in the switching circuit 101 in FIG. 2, the set-type D-typeflip-flop circuit DFS in FIG. 6, and the reset-type D-type flip-flopcircuit DFR in FIG. 7 are described.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show a structure of the selector 112. FIG. 8A shows ablock diagram of the selector 112 and FIG. 8B shows a circuit diagramcorresponding to FIG. 8A. The selector 112 includes two invertercircuits, six P-channel transistors, and six N-channel transistors.

FIGS. 9A and 9B show a structure of the set-type D-type flip-flopcircuit DFS. FIG. 9A shows a block diagram of the set-type D-typeflip-flop circuit DFS, and FIG. 9B shows a circuit diagram correspondingto FIG. 9A. The set-type D-type flip-flop circuit DFS includes threeinverter circuits and six NAND circuits.

FIGS. 10A and 10B show a structure of the reset-type D-type flip-flopcircuit DFR. FIG. 10A shows a block diagram of the reset-type D-typeflip-flop circuit DFR, and FIG. 10B shows a circuit diagramcorresponding to FIG. 10A. The reset-type D-type flip-flop circuit DFRincludes two inverter circuits and six NAND circuits.

This embodiment mode can be implemented freely combining with EmbodimentModes 1 to 3.

Embodiment Mode 5

In this embodiment mode, the case where the cyclic redundancy checkcircuits described in the aforementioned Embodiment Modes 1 to 4 areused for a semiconductor device (hereinafter also called a wireless tag)capable of communicating data by wireless communication and a wirelesscommunication system using the semiconductor device is described.

FIG. 13A shows a structure of a wireless communication system includinga wireless tag 200 and a reader/writer 201 for communicating data withthe wireless tag 200 by wireless communication. The wireless tag 200includes an antenna 202, and a circuit portion 203 which transmits andreceives signals to/from the antenna 202. The reader/writer 201 includesan antenna 206 and a circuit portion 207 which transmits and receivessignals to/from the antenna 206. The wireless tag 200 and thereader/writer 201 communicate data by transmitting and receiving amodulated carrier wave 190 (also called a wireless signal), using theantenna 202 and the antenna 206. The circuit portion 203 includes ananalog portion 204 and a digital portion 205. The analog portion 204transmits and receives signals to/from the antenna 202. The digitalportion 205 transmits and receives signals to/from the analog portion204.

FIG. 13B shows a structure of the analog portion 204 and the digitalportion 205. The analog portion 204 includes a resonant capacitor 501, apass-band filter 502, a power supply circuit 503, a demodulation circuit506, and a modulation circuit 507. The resonant capacitor 501 isprovided so that the antenna 202 can easily receive a signal with apredetermined frequency. The digital portion 205 includes a codeextraction circuit 301, a code determination circuit 302, a cyclicredundancy check circuit 303, a memory circuit 305, and a controlcircuit 304.

The case where the wireless tag 200 receives data is described. Amodulated carrier wave inputted from the antenna 202, from which noiseis removed by the pass-band filter 502, is inputted to the power supplycircuit 503 and the demodulation circuit 506. The power supply circuit503 has a rectifier circuit and a storage capacitor. The modulatedcarrier wave inputted via the pass-band filter 502 is rectified by therectifier circuit and smoothed by the storage capacitor. In this manner,the power supply circuit 503 generates a DC voltage. A DC voltage 191generated in the power supply circuit 503 is supplied as a power supplyvoltage to each circuit in the circuit portion 203 included in thewireless tag 200. The modulated carrier wave inputted via the pass-bandfilter 502 is demodulated by the demodulation circuit 506, and thedemodulated signal is inputted to the digital portion 205. An inputtedsignal from the analog portion 204, that is, a signal which is made bydemodulating a modulated carrier wave by the demodulation circuit 506,is inputted to the code extraction circuit 301, and a code of the signalis extracted. An output of the code extraction circuit 301 is inputtedto the code determination circuit 302, and the extracted code isanalyzed. The analyzed code is inputted to the cyclic redundancy checkcircuit 303, and an arithmetic processing for identifying a transmissionerror is performed. Then, the cyclic redundancy check circuit 303outputs to the control circuit 304 a decision result 192 of whether thereceived data signal has an error.

Next, the case where the wireless tag 200 transmits data is described.The memory circuit 305 outputs a stored unique identifier 193 (UID) tothe control circuit 304, in response to a signal inputted from the codedetermination circuit 302. The cyclic redundancy check circuit 303calculates the CRC code corresponding to the transmitted data signal andoutputs the CRC code to the control circuit 304. The control circuit 304adds the CRC code to the transmitted data signal. The control circuit304 encodes data in which the CRC code is added to the transmitted datasignal. In addition, the control circuit 304 converts the encodedinformation into a signal for modulating the carrier wave in response toa predetermined modulation method. The output of the control circuit 304is inputted to the modulation circuit 507 of the analog portion 204. Themodulation circuit 507 load-modulates the carrier wave in response tothe inputted signal and outputs the carrier wave to the antenna 202.

The frequency of a carrier wave, the subcarrier frequency, the datatransmission rate, the encoding method, or the like can be arbitrarydecided. For example, as for the frequency of a carrier wave, any of thefollowing can be employed: a submillimeter wave of 300 GHz or more and 3THz or less; a millimeter wave of 30 GHz or more and less than 300 GHz;a microwave of 3 GHz or more and less than 30 GHz; an ultrashort wave of300 MHz or more and less than 3 GHz; a very short frequency of 30 MHz ormore and less than 300 MHz; a short wave of 3 MHz or more and less than30 MHz; a medium wave of 300 KHz or more and less than 3 MHz; a longwave of 30 KHz or more and less than 300 KHz; and a very long wave of 3KHz or more and less than 30 KHz.

This embodiment mode can be implemented freely combining with EmbodimentModes 1 to 4.

Embodiment 1

In this embodiment, a specific structure of a semiconductor device ofthe present invention is described with reference to FIGS. 14A to 16B.

FIGS. 14A to 14D show a structural example of the antenna 202 in thesemiconductor device of the present invention. The antenna 202 isprovided in two ways, one of which (hereinafter called a first antennainstallation system) is shown in FIGS. 14A and 14C and the other(hereinafter called a second antenna installation system) is shown inFIGS. 14B and 14D. FIG. 14C is a cross-sectional view along a line A-A′of FIG. 14A, while FIG. 14D is a cross-sectional view along a line B-B′of FIG. 14B.

According to the first antenna installation system, the antenna 202 isprovided over a substrate 600 over which a plurality of elements(hereinafter called an element group 601) are provided (see FIGS. 14Aand 14C). A circuit (a circuit portion 203) other than the antenna inthe semiconductor device of the present invention is formed of theelement group 601. The element group 601 includes a plurality of thinfilm transistors. In the shown structure, a conductive film functioningas the antenna 202 is provided in the same layer (over the sameinsulating surface) as a wire which is connected to a source or drain ofthe thin film transistor included in the element group 601. However, theconductive film functioning as the antenna 202 may be provided in thesame layer as a gate electrode 664 of the thin film transistor includedin the element group 601, or may be provided over an insulating filmwhich is provided so as to cover the element group 601.

According to the second antenna installation system, a terminal portion602 is provided over the substrate 600 over which the element group 601is provided. Then, the terminal portion 602 is connected to the antenna202 which is formed over a substrate 610 which is different from thesubstrate 600 (see FIGS. 14B and 14D). In the shown structure, a part ofa wire connected to a source or drain of the thin film transistorincluded in the element group 601 may be used as the terminal portion602. Then, the substrate 600 is attached to the substrate 610 over whichthe antenna 202 is provided, so that the antenna 202 is connected to theterminal portion 602. A conductive particle 603 and a resin 604 areprovided between the substrate 600 and the substrate 610. The antenna202 is electrically connected to the terminal portion 602 with theconductive particle 603.

The structure and manufacturing method of the element group 601 isdescribed. When a plurality of element groups 601 are formed over alarge substrate and cut off to be completed, an inexpensive elementgroup can be provided. As the substrate 600, for example, a glasssubstrate made of barium borosilicate glass, alumino borosilicate glass,or the like, a quartz substrate, a ceramic substrate, or the like can beused. Alternatively, a semiconductor substrate of which the surface isprovided with an insulating film may be used. A substrate made of aflexible synthetic resin such as plastic may also be used. The surfaceof the substrate may be planarized by polishing using a CMP (ChemicalMechanical Polishing) method or the like. A substrate which is thinnedby polishing a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, or a semiconductorsubstrate may be used as well.

As a base layer 661 formed over the substrate 600, an insulating filmmade of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitride oxide(SiO_(x)N_(y) or SiN_(x)O_(y); note that x>y), or the like can be used.The base layer 661 can prevent an alkali metal such as Na or an alkalineearth metal contained in the substrate 600, from being diffused in asemiconductor layer 662 and adversely affecting the characteristics ofthe thin film transistor. Although the base layer 661 shown in FIGS. 14Cand 14D has a single layer structure, it may have a two or more layerstructure. Note that if the diffusion of impurities is not a seriousproblem such as in a quartz substrate, the base layer 661 is notnecessarily provided.

Note that the surface of the substrate 600 may be directly processed byhigh density plasma. The high density plasma is generated using a highfrequency wave, for example, 2.45 GHz. High density plasma with anelectron density of 10¹¹ to 10¹³/cm³, an electron temperature of 2 eV orlower, and an ion energy of 5 eV or lower is used. Since such highdensity plasma featuring a low electron temperature has low kineticenergy of active species, a film with less plasma damage and defects canbe formed compared to that formed by a conventional plasma treatment.Plasma can be generated using a plasma processing apparatus utilizinghigh frequency excitation, which employs a radial slot antenna. Thedistance between the antenna which generates a high frequency wave andthe substrate 600 is 20 to 80 mm (preferably, 20 to 60 mm).

The surface of the substrate 600 can be nitrided by performing the highdensity plasma treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere, for example anatmosphere containing nitrogen (N) and a rare gas (containing at leastone of He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe), an atmosphere containing nitrogen,hydrogen (H), and a rare gas, or an atmosphere containing ammonium (NH₃)and a rare gas. When the substrate 600 is made of glass, quartz, asilicon wafer, or the like, a nitride layer formed over the surface ofthe substrate 600, which contains silicon nitride as a main component,can be used as a blocking layer against impurities diffused from thesubstrate 600 side. A silicon oxide film or a silicon oxynitride filmmay be formed over the nitride layer by a plasma CVD method to be usedas the base layer 661.

When similar high density plasma treatment is applied to the surface ofthe base layer 661 made of silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or thelike, the surface and a region with a depth of 1 to 10 nm from thesurface can be nitrided. This extremely thin silicon nitride layer isfavorable since it functions as a blocking layer and has less stress onthe semiconductor layer 662 formed thereover.

As the semiconductor layer 662, an island-shaped crystallinesemiconductor film or an island-shaped amorphous semiconductor film canbe used. Alternatively, an organic semiconductor film may be used. Acrystalline semiconductor film can be obtained by crystallizing anamorphous semiconductor film. A laser crystallization method, a thermalcrystallization method using RTA (Rapid Thermal Anneal) or an annealingfurnace, a thermal crystallization method using a metal element whichpromotes crystallization, or the like can be used as the crystallizationmethod. The semiconductor layer 662 includes a channel forming region662 a and a pair of impurity regions 662 b to which an impurity elementimparting conductivity is added. Shown here is a structure where lowconcentration impurity regions 662 c to which the impurity element isadded at a lower concentration than to the impurity regions 662 b areprovided between the channel forming region 662 a and the pair ofimpurity regions 662 b; however, the present invention is not limited tothis. The low concentration impurity regions 662 c are not necessarilyprovided.

Note that a wire which is formed at the same time as the semiconductorlayer 662 is preferably led so that corners are rounded when seen from adirection perpendicular to the top surface of the substrate 600. FIGS.16A and 16B are schematic views each showing the method to lead thewire. In FIGS. 16A and 16B, a direction 3005 perpendicular to the topsurface of the substrate 600 is shown. A wire 3011 denotes the wirewhich is formed at the same time as the semiconductor layer. FIG. 16Ashows a conventional method to lead a wire. FIG. 16B shows a method ofthe present invention to lead a wire. Corners 1202 a are rounded ascompared to conventional corners 1201 a. The rounded corners can preventdust or the like from remaining at the corners of the wire. As a result,defects of a semiconductor device caused by dust can be reduced and theyield can be improved.

An impurity element which imparts conductivity may be added to thechannel forming region 662 a of the thin film transistor. In thismanner, a threshold voltage of the thin film transistor can becontrolled.

A first insulating layer 663 can have a single layer or a stack of aplurality of films made of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, siliconnitride oxide (SiO_(x)N_(y) or SiN_(x)O_(y); note that x>y), or thelike. In this case, the surface of the first insulating layer 663 may beprocessed by high density plasma in an oxygen atmosphere or a nitrogenatmosphere, thereby being oxidized or nitrided to be densified. The highdensity plasma is generated using a high frequency wave, for example,2.45 GHz, as described above. Note that high density plasma with anelectron density of 10¹¹ to 10¹³/cm³, an electron temperature of 2 eV orlower, and an ion energy of 5 eV or lower is used. Plasma can begenerated using a plasma processing apparatus utilizing high frequencyexcitation, which employs a radial slot antenna. In the apparatus forgenerating high density plasma, the distance between the antenna whichgenerates a high frequency wave and the substrate 600 is 20 to 80 mm(preferably, 20 to 60 mm).

Before forming the first insulating layer 663, the high density plasmatreatment may be applied to the surface of the semiconductor layer 662so that the surface of the semiconductor layer is oxidized or nitrided.At this time, by performing the treatment in an oxygen atmosphere or anitrogen atmosphere with the substrate 600 at a temperature of 300 to450° C., a favorable interface with the first insulating layer 663 whichis formed over the semiconductor layer 662 can be obtained.

As the nitrogen atmosphere, an atmosphere containing nitrogen (N) and arare gas (containing at least one of He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe), anatmosphere containing nitrogen, hydrogen (H), and a rare gas, or anatmosphere containing ammonium (NH₃) and a rare gas can be used. As theoxygen atmosphere, an atmosphere containing oxygen (O) and a rare gas,an atmosphere containing oxygen, hydrogen (H), and a rare gas, or anatmosphere containing dinitrogen monoxide (N₂O) and a rare gas can beused.

The gate electrode 664 can be formed using one element selected from Ta,W, Ti, Mo, Al, Cu, Cr, or Nd, or an alloy or a compound containing aplurality of the above-described elements. Furthermore, the gateelectrode 664 may have a single layer structure or a stacked-layerstructure made of the above-described elements, or an alloy or acompound thereof. In FIGS. 14C and 14D, the gate electrode 664 has atwo-layer structure. Note that the gate electrode 664 and a wire whichis formed at the same time as the gate electrode 664 are preferably ledso that corners thereof are rounded when seen from the directionperpendicular to the top surface of the substrate 600. The gateelectrode 664 and the wire can be led in the same manner as that shownin FIG. 16B. The gate electrode 664 and a wire 3012 which is formed atthe same time as the gate electrode 664 are shown in the drawings. Whencorners 1202 b are rounded as compared to corners 1201 b, dust or thelike can be prevented from remaining at the corners of the wire. As aresult, defects of a semiconductor device caused by dust can be reducedand the yield can be improved.

A thin film transistor is formed of the semiconductor layer 662, thegate electrode 664, and the first insulating layer 663 functioning as agate insulating film between the semiconductor layer 662 and the gateelectrode 664. In this embodiment, the thin film transistor has a topgate structure; however, it may be a bottom gate transistor having agate electrode under the semiconductor layer, or a dual gate transistorhaving gate electrodes over and under the semiconductor layer.

A second insulating layer 667 is desirably an insulating film such as asilicon nitride film, which has barrier properties to block ionimpurities. The second insulating layer 667 is made of silicon nitrideor silicon oxynitride. The second insulating layer 667 functions as aprotective film to prevent contamination of the semiconductor layer 662.After depositing the second insulating layer 667, hydrogen gas may beintroduced and the aforementioned high density plasma treatment may beapplied, thereby hydrogenating the second insulating layer 667.Alternatively, the second insulating layer 667 may be nitrided andhydrogenated by introducing ammonium (NH₃) gas. Otherwise,oxidization-nitridation treatment and hydrogenation treatment may beperformed by introducing oxygen, dinitrogen monoxide (N₂O) gas, and thelike together with hydrogen gas. By performing nitridation treatment,oxidization treatment, or oxidization-nitridation treatment in thismanner, the surface of the second insulating layer 667 can be densified.As a result, the function of the second insulating layer 667 as aprotective film can be enhanced. Hydrogen introduced into the secondinsulating layer 667 is discharged when thermal treatment is applied ata temperature of 400 to 450° C., thereby hydrogenating the semiconductorlayer 662. Note that the hydrogenation treatment may be performed incombination with hydrogenation treatment using the first insulatinglayer 663.

A third insulating layer 665 can have a single layer structure or astacked-layer structure of an inorganic insulating film or an organicinsulating film. As the inorganic insulating film, a silicon oxide filmformed by a CVD method, a silicon oxide film formed by an SOG (Spin OnGlass) method, or the like can be used. As the organic insulating film,a film made of polyimide, polyamide, BCB (benzocyclobutene), acrylic, apositive photosensitive organic resin, a negative photosensitive organicresin, or the like can be used.

The third insulating layer 665 may be made of a material having askeleton structure formed of a bond of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O). Anorganic group containing at least hydrogen (such as an alkyl group andaromatic hydrocarbon) is used as a substituent of this material.Alternatively, a fluoro group may be used as the substituent. Furtheralternatively, a fluoro group and an organic group containing at leasthydrogen may be used as the substituent.

A wire 666 can be formed using one element selected from Al, Ni, W, Mo,Ti, Pt, Cu, Ta, Au, or Mn, or an alloy containing a plurality of theabove-described elements. The wire 666 can have a single layer structureor a stacked-layer structure of the element or the alloy. In FIGS. 14Cand 14D, a single layer structure is shown as an example. Note that thewire 666 is preferably led so that corners thereof are rounded when seenfrom the direction perpendicular to the top surface of the substrate600. The wire can be led in the same manner as that shown in FIG. 16B.The wire 666 is denoted by the wire 3013 in the drawings. When corners1202 c are rounded as compared to corners 1201 c, dust or the like canbe prevented from remaining at the corners of the wire. As a result,defects of a semiconductor device caused by dust can be reduced and theyield can be improved. The wire 3013 is connected to the wire 3011 bycontact holes 3014. In the structures shown in FIGS. 14A and 14C, thewire 666 functions as a wire connected to the source or drain of thethin film transistor and as the antenna 202. In the structures shown inFIGS. 14B and 14D, the wire 666 functions as the wire connected to thesource or drain of the thin film transistor and as a terminal portion602.

The antenna 202 can also be formed by a droplet discharge method using aconductive paste containing nano-particles such as Au, Ag, and Cu. Thedroplet discharge method is a collective term for a method for forming apattern by discharging droplets, such as an ink jet method and adispenser method, which has advantages in that the utilizationefficiency of a material is improved, and the like.

In the structures shown in FIGS. 14A and 14C, a fourth insulating layer668 is formed over the wire 666. The fourth insulating layer 668 canhave a single layer structure or a stacked-layer structure of aninorganic insulating film or an organic insulating film. The fourthinsulating layer 668 functions as a protective layer of the antenna 202.

Although the element group 601 may use the one formed over the substrate600 (see FIG. 15A) as it is, the element group 601 over the substrate600 may be peeled off (see FIG. 15B), and the element group 601 may beattached to a flexible substrate 701 (see FIG. 15C). The flexiblesubstrate 701 has flexibility, and for example, a plastic substrate suchas polycarbonate, polyarylate, and polyethersulfone, a ceramicsubstrate, or the like can be used.

As a method for peeling the element group 601 from the substrate 600,any of the following can be used: (A) a method in which a peeling layeris provided in advance between the substrate 600 and the element group601 and the peeling layer is removed by an etchant; (B) a method inwhich the peeling layer is partially removed by an etchant, and then thesubstrate 600 and the element group 601 are peeled physically; and (C) amethod in which the substrate 600 with high heat resistance over whichthe element group 601 is formed is eliminated mechanically or removed byetching with a solution or gas so that the element group 601 is peeled.Note that “to be peeled by a physical means” denotes that to be peeledby applying stress from outside, for example, to be peeled by applyingstress from a wind pressure of gas sprayed from a nozzle, an ultrasonicwave, or the like.

As a specific method of the aforementioned (A) or (B), a method in whicha metal oxide film is provided between the substrate 600 with high heatresistance and the element group 601, and the metal oxide film isweakened by crystallization to peel the element group 601 can be used.As another example of more specific method of the aforementioned (A) or(B), a method in which an amorphous silicon film containing hydrogen isprovided between the substrate 600 with high heat resistance and theelement group 601, and the amorphous silicon film is removed byirradiation with a laser beam or etching so that the element group 601is peeled can be used.

In addition, to attach the peeled element group 601 to the flexiblesubstrate 701, a commercial adhesive may be used, and for example, anadhesive such as an epoxy resin-based adhesive or a resin additive maybe used.

By attaching the element group 601 to the flexible substrate 701 overwhich the antenna is formed and electrically connecting the elementgroup 601 and the antenna, a thin and light semiconductor device whichis not easily broken even when fallen to the ground, is obtained (seeFIG. 15C). When an inexpensive flexible substrate 701 is used, aninexpensive semiconductor device can be provided. Furthermore, theflexible substrate 701 having flexibility can be attached to a curvedsurface or an irregular-shaped substance, which realizes various kindsof usage. For example, the wireless tag 200 as one mode of asemiconductor device of the present invention can be attached to acurved surface such as a medicine bottle (see FIG. 15D). Furthermore,when the substrate 600 is reused, a semiconductor device can bemanufactured at low cost.

The element group 601 can be sealed by covering with a film. The surfaceof the film may be coated with silicon dioxide (silica) powder. Thecoating allows the element group 601 to be kept waterproof in anenvironment of high temperature and high humidity. In other words, theelement group 601 can have moisture resistance. Moreover, the surface ofthe film may have antistatic properties. The surface of the film mayalso be coated with a material containing carbon as its main component(such as diamond-like carbon). The strength can be enhanced by coating,and degradation or destruction of a semiconductor device can besuppressed. Alternatively, the film may be formed of a base material(for example, resin) mixed with silicon dioxide, a conductive material,or a material containing carbon as its main component. In addition, asurface active agent may be provided on the surface of the film, ordirectly added into the film, so that the film can have antistaticproperties.

This embodiment can be implemented freely combining with theabove-described embodiment modes.

Embodiment 2

In this embodiment, an example in which a semiconductor device of thepresent invention has a flexible structure is described with referenceto FIGS. 17A to 17C. In FIG. 17A, a semiconductor device of the presentinvention includes a flexible protective layer 901, a flexibleprotective layer 903 including an antenna 902 (corresponding to theantenna 202), and an element group 904 formed by a peeling process orthinning of a substrate. The element group 904 can have a similarstructure to the element group 601 described in the Embodiment 1. Theantenna 902 formed over the protective layer 903 is electricallyconnected to the element group 904. In FIG. 17A, the antenna 902 isformed only over the protective layer 903; however, the presentinvention is not limited to this structure and the antenna 902 may beformed over the protective layer 901 as well. Note that a barrier filmmade of a silicon nitride film or the like may be formed between theelement group 904 and each of the protective layer 901 and theprotective layer 903. As a result, contamination of the element group904 can be prevented, which leads to a semiconductor device withimproved reliability.

The antenna 902 can be formed of Ag, Cu, or a metal plated with Ag orCu. The element group 904 and the antenna 902 can be connected to eachother using an anisotropic conductive film and applying ultraviolettreatment or ultrasonic wave treatment. Note that the element group 904and the antenna 902 may be attached to each other using a conductivepaste or the like.

By sandwiching the element group 904 between the protective layer 901and the protective layer 903, a semiconductor device is completed (seearrows in FIG. 17A).

FIG. 17B shows a cross-sectional structure of the thus formedsemiconductor device. A thickness 3003 of the element group 904 which issandwiched is 5 μm or less, and preferably 0.1 to 3 Furthermore, whenthe protective layer 901 and the protective layer 903 which overlap eachother have a thickness of d, each of the protective layer 901 and theprotective layer 903 preferably has a thickness of (d/2)±30 μm, and morepreferably (d/2)±10 μm. In addition, each of the protective layer 901and the protective layer 903 desirably has a thickness of 10 to 200 μm.The element group 904 has an area of 10 mm square (100 mm²) or smaller,and desirably 0.3 to 4 mm square (0.09 to 16 mm²).

Each of the protective layer 901 and the protective layer 903 is made ofan organic resin material, and thus has high resistance against bending.The element group 904 which is formed by a peeling process or thinningof a substrate also has higher resistance against bending compared to asingle crystal semiconductor. Since the element group 904, theprotective layer 901, and the protective layer 903 can be tightlyattached to each other without any space, a completed semiconductordevice itself also has high resistance against bending. The elementgroup 904 surrounded by the protective layer 901 and the protectivelayer 903 may be provided over a surface of or inside of another object,or embedded in paper.

The case where a semiconductor device including the element group 904 isattached to a substrate having a curved surface is described withreference to FIG. 17C. FIG. 17C shows one transistor 981 selected fromthe element group 904. In the transistor 981, a current flows from one905 of a source and a drain to the other 906 of the source and the drainin response to a potential of a gate electrode 907. The transistor 981is provided so that a direction 3004 of the current flow in thetransistor 981 (carrier movement direction) and the direction of the arcof a substrate 980 cross at right angles. With such an arrangement, thetransistor 981 is less affected by stress even when the substrate 980 isbent to be an arc, and thus variations in characteristics of thetransistor 981 included in the element group 904 can be suppressed.

This embodiment can be implemented freely combining with theaforementioned embodiment modes and Embodiment 1.

Embodiment 3

This embodiment shows a structural example of a transistor used in acircuit which constitutes a semiconductor device of the presentinvention. The transistor may be a MOS transistor formed over a singlecrystalline substrate, or a thin film transistor (TFT) as well. FIG. 20shows a cross-sectional structure of such transistors constituting acircuit. FIG. 20 shows an N-channel transistor 2001, an N-channeltransistor 2002, a capacitor 2004, a resistor 2005, and a P-channeltransistor 2003. Each of the transistors includes a semiconductor layer4405, a gate insulating layer 4408, and a gate electrode 4409. The gateelectrode 4409 has a stacked-layer structure of a first conductive layer4403 and a second conductive layer 4402. FIG. 21A is a top viewcorresponding to the N-channel transistor 2001 shown in FIG. 20. FIG.21B is a top view corresponding to the N-channel transistor 2002 shownin FIG. 20. FIG. 21C is a top view corresponding to the capacitor 2004shown in FIG. 20. FIG. 21D is a top view corresponding to the resistor2005 shown in FIG. 20. FIG. 21E is a top view corresponding to theP-channel transistor 2003 shown in FIG. 20. FIGS. 21A to 21E can also bereferred to along with FIG. 20.

In FIG. 20, the N-channel transistor 2001 has lightly doped drain (LDD)regions on both sides of a channel forming region in the semiconductorlayer 4405. The LDD regions are impurity regions 4407 to which animpurity imparting N-type conductivity is doped at a lower concentrationthan to a source region and a drain region (impurity regions 4406) whichare in contact with wires 4404. In the case of forming the N-channeltransistor 2001, the impurity regions 4406 and the impurity regions 4407are added with an impurity imparting N-type conductivity, such asphosphorus. The LDD regions are formed to suppress hot electrondegradation and short channel effects.

As shown in FIG. 21A, in the gate electrode 4409 of the N-channeltransistor 2001, the first conductive layer 4403 is provided on bothsides of the second conductive layer 4402. In this case, the thicknessof the first conductive layer 4403 is smaller than that of the secondconductive layer 4402. The first conductive layer 4403 is formed to havesuch a thickness that ion species accelerated with an electric field of10 to 100 kV can pass through. The impurity regions 4407 are formed tooverlap the first conductive layer 4403 of the gate electrode 4409. Inother words, the LDD regions overlapping the gate electrode 4409 areprovided. The impurity regions 4407 are formed in a self-alignmentmanner by adding an impurity of one conductivity type to thesemiconductor layer 4405 through the first conductive layer 4403 usingthe second conductive layer 4402 as a mask. That is, the LDD regionsoverlapping the gate electrode are formed in a self-alignment manner.

A transistor having LDD regions on both sides of the channel formingregion in the semiconductor layer is applied to a transistorconstituting a transmission gate (also called an analog switch) or atransistor used in a rectifier circuit in the power supply circuit 503shown in FIG. 13B. Such a transistor preferably includes LDD regions onboth sides of a channel forming region in the semiconductor layer, sincepositive and negative voltages are applied to source and drainelectrodes.

In FIG. 20, the N-channel transistor 2002 has an impurity region 4407formed on one side of the channel forming region in the semiconductorlayer 4405. To the impurity region 4407, an impurity element impartingconductivity is doped at a lower concentration than to the impurityregions 4406. As shown in FIG. 21B, in the gate electrode 4409 of theN-channel transistor 2002, the first conductive layer 4403 is providedon one side of the second conductive layer 4402. In this case also, theLDD region can be formed in a self-alignment manner by adding animpurity of one conductivity type through the first conductive layer4403 using the second conductive layer 4402 as a mask.

A transistor having an LDD region on one side of a channel formingregion in a semiconductor layer may be applied to a transistor in whichonly one of a positive voltage or a negative voltage is applied betweensource and drain electrodes. Specifically, the transistor having an LDDregion on one side of a channel forming region in the semiconductorlayer may be applied to a transistor constituting a logic gate such asan inverter circuit, a NAND circuit, a NOR circuit, and a latch circuit,or a transistor constituting an analog circuit such as a senseamplifier, a constant voltage generating circuit, and a VCO (VoltageControlled Oscillator).

In FIG. 20, the capacitor 2004 has a structure in which the gateinsulating layer 4408 is sandwiched between the first conductive layer4403 and the semiconductor layer 4405. The semiconductor layer 4405 ofthe capacitor 2004 includes impurity regions 4410 and an impurity region4411. The impurity region 4411 is formed in the semiconductor layer 4405so as to overlap the first conductive layer 4403. The impurity region4410 is in contact with the wire 4404. Since an impurity of oneconductivity type can be added to the impurity region 4411 through thefirst conductive layer 4403, the impurity region 4410 and the impurityregion 4411 may contain the same concentration of impurity or differentconcentrations of impurity. In any case, the semiconductor layer 4405 ofthe capacitor 2004 functions as an electrode; therefore, it ispreferable that an impurity of one conductivity type be added to thesemiconductor layer 4405 to reduce the resistance thereof. The firstconductive layer 4403 and the second conductive layer 4402 caneffectively function as an electrode by utilizing the second conductivelayer 4402 as an auxiliary electrode as shown in FIG. 21C. Such acomposite electrode structure combining the first conductive layer 4403and the second conductive layer 4402 allows the capacitor 2004 to beformed in a self-alignment manner.

The capacitor 2004 can be used as the storage capacitor of the powersupply circuit 503, the resonant capacitor 501, or the capacitor of thedemodulation circuit 506, which are shown in FIG. 13B. In particular,the resonant capacitor 501 is required to function as a capacitorregardless of a positive or negative voltage applied between twoterminals of the capacitor, since both positive and negative voltagesare applied between the two terminals of the capacitor.

In FIG. 20, the resistor 2005 includes the first conductive layer 4403(see also FIG. 21D). The first conductive layer 4403 is formed to have athickness of approximately 30 to 150 nm; therefore, the resistor can beformed by appropriately setting the width and length thereof.

The resistor can be used as the resistance load of the modulationcircuit 507 shown in FIG. 13B, as well as the resistor of thedemodulation circuit 506 shown in FIG. 13B. Further, the resistor can beused as the load in the case of controlling a current by a VCO or thelike. The resistor may be formed of a semiconductor layer containing ahigh concentration of an impurity element, or a thin metal layer. Whilethe resistance of a semiconductor layer depends on the film thickness,film quality, impurity concentration, activation rate, and the like; theresistance of a metal layer is determined by the film thickness and filmquality and has few variations, which is preferable.

In FIG. 20, the P-channel transistor 2003 includes the semiconductorlayer 4405 provided with impurity regions 4412. The impurity regions4412 function as source and drain regions which are in contact with thewire 4404. The gate electrode 4409 has a structure in which the firstconductive layer 4403 and the second conductive layer 4402 overlap eachother (see also FIG. 21E). The P-channel transistor 2003 is a transistorwith a single drain structure in which an LDD region is not provided.When the P-channel transistor 2003 is formed, an impurity which impartsP-type conductivity, such as boron, is added to the impurity region4412. On the other hand, when phosphorus is added to the impurity region4412, an N-channel transistor with a single drain structure can beobtained.

One or both of the semiconductor layer 4405 and the gate insulatinglayer 4408 may be oxidized or nitrided by high density plasma treatment.This treatment can be performed in a similar manner to that described inEmbodiment 1.

According to the aforementioned treatment, the defect level in theinterface between the semiconductor layer 4405 and the gate insulatinglayer 4408 can be reduced. When this treatment is applied to the gateinsulating layer 4408, the gate insulating layer 4408 can be densified.In other words, generation of charged defects can be suppressed, andvariations in threshold voltage of the transistor can be suppressed.When the transistor is driven with a voltage of 3 V or lower, aninsulating layer which is oxidized or nitrided by the plasma treatmentcan be used as the gate insulating layer 4408. If the driving voltage ofthe transistor is 3 V or higher, the gate insulating layer 4408 can beformed by combining an insulating layer formed over the surface of thesemiconductor layer 4405 by the plasma treatment and an insulating layerdeposited by a CVD method (a plasma CVD method or a thermal CVD method).In addition, the insulating layer may also be used as a dielectric layerof the capacitor 2004. In this case, the insulating layer formed by theplasma treatment is a dense film with a thickness of 1 to 10 nm;therefore, the capacitor 2004 with large charge capacity can beobtained.

As described with reference to FIGS. 20 to 21E, the elements withvarious structures can be formed by combining conductive layers withdifferent thicknesses. A region where only the first conductive layer isformed and a region where the first conductive layer and the secondconductive layer are stacked can be formed using a photomask or areticle provided with a diffraction grating pattern or an auxiliarypattern having an optical intensity reducing function formed of asemitransparent film. That is, in a photolithography process, thequantity of transmitting light of the photomask is controlled inexposing the photoresist so that the thickness of a resist mask to bedeveloped is changed. In this case, a slit at the resolution limit orless may be provided in the photomask or the reticle to form theabove-described resist having the complex shape. In addition, by bakingat about 200° C. after developing, a mask pattern made from aphotoresist material can be changed in shape.

In addition, by using the photomask or the reticle which is providedwith a diffraction grating pattern or an auxiliary pattern having anoptical intensity reducing function formed of a semitransparent film,the region where only the first conductive layer is formed and theregion where the first conductive layer and the second conductive layerare stacked can be formed in succession. As shown in FIG. 21A, theregion where only the first conductive layer is formed can be formedselectively over the semiconductor layer. Such a region is effectiveover the semiconductor layer, but is not required in the other region (awire region which is successive to the gate electrode). Since the regionwhere only the first conductive layer is formed is not required to beformed in the wire portion by using this photomask or reticle, wiredensity can be improved substantially.

In the case of FIGS. 20 to 21E, the first conductive layer is formed tohave a thickness of 30 to 50 nm using a high melting point metal such astungsten (W), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta), tantalum nitride, ormolybdenum (Mo), or an alloy or a compound containing the high meltingpoint metal as its main component. In addition, the second conductivelayer is formed to have a thickness of 300 to 600 nm using a highmelting point metal such as tungsten (W), chromium (Cr), tantalum (Ta),tantalum nitride, or molybdenum (Mo), or an alloy or a compoundcontaining the high melting point metal as its main component. Forexample, the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer aremade of different conductive materials so as to have a difference inetching rate in the subsequent etching step. The first conductive layerand the second conductive layer may be made of, for example, tantalumnitride and tungsten, respectively.

According to the description of this embodiment, transistors havingdifferent electrode structures, a capacitor, and a resistor can beformed separately with the same process by using the photomask or thereticle which is provided with a diffraction grating pattern or anauxiliary pattern having an optical intensity reducing function formedof a semitransparent film. Accordingly, in response to circuitcharacteristics, elements having different modes can be formed withoutincreasing the number of steps and integrated.

This embodiment can be implemented freely combining with theaforementioned embodiment modes and Embodiments 1 and 2.

Embodiment 4

In this embodiment, an example of a static RAM (an SRAM) which can beused as a memory (the memory circuit 305 in FIG. 13B, and the like) ofthe semiconductor device of the present invention is described withreference to FIGS. 22A to 24B.

A semiconductor layer 10 and a semiconductor layer 11 shown in FIG. 22Aare preferably made of silicon or a crystalline semiconductor containingsilicon. For example, the semiconductor layer 10 and the semiconductorlayer 11 are made of polycrystalline silicon, single crystallinesilicon, or the like which is obtained by crystallizing a silicon filmby laser annealing or the like. Furthermore, a metal oxidesemiconductor, amorphous silicon, or an organic semiconductor, which hassemiconductor characteristics, may also be employed.

In any case, a semiconductor layer formed first is provided over theentire surface or a part (region with a larger area than that determinedas a semiconductor region of a transistor) of a substrate having aninsulating surface. Then, a mask pattern is formed over thesemiconductor layer by photolithography. The mask pattern is used foretching the semiconductor layer, thereby forming the semiconductor layer10 and the semiconductor layer 11 having specific island shapes, whichinclude a source region, a drain region, and a channel forming region ofa transistor. The shapes of the semiconductor layer 10 and thesemiconductor layer 11 are determined, considering the adequacy oflayout.

The photomask for forming the semiconductor layer 10 and thesemiconductor layer 11 shown in FIG. 22A has a mask pattern 2000 shownin FIG. 22B. The mask pattern 2000 is different depending on whether aresist used in a photolithography process is a positive type or anegative type. In the case of using the positive type resist, the maskpattern 2000 shown in FIG. 22B is manufactured as a light shieldingportion. The mask pattern 2000 has a shape in which a convex portion Aof a polygon is chamfered. In addition, a concave portion B is bent soas not to be right angles.

The shape of the mask pattern 2000 shown in FIG. 22B is reflected in thesemiconductor layer 10 and the semiconductor layer 11 shown in FIG. 22A.In that case, the shape similar to the mask pattern 2000 may betransferred, and the transfer may be conducted so that the corner(convex portion or concave portion) of the mask pattern 2000 is furtherrounded. In other words, a round portion in which the pattern shape issmoother than the mask pattern 2000 may be provided.

An insulating layer which contains silicon oxide or silicon nitride atleast partially is formed over the semiconductor layer 10 and thesemiconductor layer 11. One of the objects for forming this insulatinglayer is a gate insulating layer. Then, as shown in FIG. 23A, a gatewire 12, a gate wire 13, and a gate wire 14 are formed so as to overlapthe semiconductor layer partially. The gate wire 12 is formedcorresponding to the semiconductor layer 10, the gate wire 13 is formedcorresponding to the semiconductor layer 10 and the semiconductor layer11, and the gate wire 14 is formed corresponding to the semiconductorlayer 10 and the semiconductor layer 11. In order to obtain the gatewires, a metal layer or a semiconductor layer having high conductivityis deposited over the insulating layer and processed into a desiredshape by photolithography.

The photomask for forming the gate wires has a mask pattern 2100 shownin FIG. 23B. The corner of the mask pattern 2100 is bent so as not to beright angles. The shape of the mask pattern 2100 shown in FIG. 23B isreflected in the gate wire 12, the gate wire 13, and the gate wire 14shown in FIG. 23A. In that case, the shape similar to the mask pattern2100 may be transferred, and the transfer may be conducted so that thecorner of the mask pattern 2100 is further rounded. In other words, around portion in which the pattern shape is smoother than the maskpattern 2100 may be provided. The corner is rounded, so that the bentconvex portion has an effect that the generation of fine powder due toabnormal discharge can be suppressed in dry etching using plasma, andthe bend concave portion has an effect that even if fine powder whicheasily gathers in the corner is generated, it can be washed away incleaning. As a result, improvement in yield can be greatly expected.

An interlayer insulating layer is formed after the gate wire 12, thegate wire 13, and the gate wire 14. The interlayer insulating layer ismade of an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide, or anorganic insulating material using polyimide, an acrylic resin, or thelike. An insulating layer made of silicon nitride, silicon nitrideoxide, or the like may be formed between the interlayer insulating layerand the gate wire 12, the gate wire 13, and the gate wire 14. Inaddition, an insulating layer made of silicon nitride, silicon nitrideoxide, or the like may be formed over the interlayer insulating layer.Such an insulating layer can prevent the semiconductor layer and thegate insulating layer from being contaminated with impurities such asextrinsic metal ion and moisture, which may adversely affect atransistor.

In the interlayer insulating layer, an opening is formed at apredetermined position. For example, the opening is providedcorresponding to the gate wire or semiconductor layer in the lowerlayer. A wire layer formed of one layer or a plurality of layers ofmetal or a metal compound is processed into a predetermined pattern byetching using a mask pattern which is formed by photolithography. Then,as shown in FIG. 24A, a wire 15, a wire 16, a wire 17, a wire 18, a wire19, and a wire 20 are formed so as to partially overlap thesemiconductor layer 10 and the semiconductor layer 11. Each of the wiresconnects particular elements. Each of the wires connects particularelements not with a straight line but with a line including a bendportion because of layout limitations. In addition, the wire widthchanges in a contact portion or in other regions. The wire widthincreases in a contact portion if the size of a contact hole is equal toor larger than the wire width.

A photomask for forming the wires 15 to 20 has a mask pattern 2200 shownin FIG. 24B. This mast pattern 2200 is bent so as not to be rightangles. In this manner, the corner may be rounded. The bent convexportion of such a wire has an effect that the generation of fine powderdue to abnormal discharge can be suppressed in dry etching using plasma,and the bend concave portion of the wire has an effect that even if finepowder which easily gathers in the corner is generated, it can be washedaway in cleaning. As a result, improvement in the yield can be expected.Furthermore, the wire with a rounded corner allows electrical conductionof wires. In addition, in the case where a plurality of wires includinga portion of which bent portion or width changes are provided inparallel, the use of a wire with a rounded corner is highly advantageoussince dust or the like are easily gathered particular when the corner ofthe wire has right angles.

FIG. 24A shows an N-channel transistor 21, an N-channel transistor 22,an N-channel transistor 23, an N-channel transistor 24, a P-channeltransistor 25, and a P-channel transistor 26. The N-channel transistor23 and the P-channel transistor 25 constitute an inverter 27. TheN-channel transistor 24 and the P-channel transistor 26 constitute aninverter 28. A circuit including these six transistors constitutes anSRAM. An insulating layer made of silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or thelike may be formed over these transistors.

This embodiment can be implemented freely combining with theaforementioned embodiment modes and Embodiments 1 to 3.

Embodiment 5

One embodiment of a semiconductor device of the present invention isshown in FIGS. 25A and 25B. FIG. 25A is a development view of thesemiconductor device, and FIG. 25B is a cross-sectional view along aline A-B of FIG. 25A. Described in this embodiment is a structure of thesemiconductor device including a plurality of antennas, particularly thesemiconductor device including an antenna and a patch antenna which areformed over a layer having a thin film transistor.

Similarly to the method for manufacturing the element group 601described in Embodiment 1, a layer 7102 including thin film transistorsis formed over an insulating substrate 7101. An interlayer insulatinglayer 7182 is formed over the layer 7102 including thin filmtransistors. A first antenna 7181 is formed over the interlayerinsulating layer 7182. An insulating layer 7183 is formed over the firstantenna 7181, and a connecting terminal 7184 is formed on the surface ofthe insulating layer 7183.

The insulating layer 7183, in a part of which the connecting terminal7184 is exposed, is attached to a patch antenna 7103 which is a secondantenna with an anisotropic conductive adhesive 7104. The connectingterminal 7184 is electrically connected to a power feeding layer 7113 ofthe patch antenna with conductive particles dispersed in the anisotropicconductive adhesive. The connecting terminal 7184 is also electricallyconnected to a first thin film transistor 7185 which is formed in thelayer 7102 including thin film transistors. Furthermore, the firstantenna 7181 is connected to a second thin film transistor 7186 which isformed in the layer 7102 including thin film transistors. Note that aconductive layer which is obtained by curing a conductive paste may beused instead of the anisotropic conductive adhesive.

The first antenna 7181 is made of a metal material containing aluminum,copper, or silver. For example, composition of copper or silver pastecan be formed by a printing method such as screen printing, offsetprinting, or ink-jet printing. Alternatively, an aluminum film may beformed by sputtering or the like, and processed by etching. The firstantenna 7181 may also be formed by an electrolytic plating method or anelectroless plating method.

Note that the first antenna 7181 can be omitted.

Here, the first antenna 7181 has a square coil shape as shown in FIG.26A.

The shape of the first antenna 7181 is described with reference to FIGS.26A to 26C. FIGS. 26A to 26C are top views showing the interlayerinsulating layer 7182 and an antenna formed thereover. Although thefirst antenna 7181 has a square coil shape 7181 a as shown in FIGS. 25Aand 26A in this embodiment, the shape is not limited to this. Theantenna may have a circular coil shape. Alternatively, as shown in FIG.26B, the antenna may have a square loop shape 7181 b. The antenna mayalso have a circular loop shape. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 26C, theantenna may have a linear-dipole shape 7181 c. Moreover, the antenna mayalso have a curved-dipole shape.

By thus providing a plurality of antennas, a multiband semiconductordevice capable of receiving electric waves with different frequencies inone semiconductor can be formed.

This embodiment can be implemented freely combining with theaforementioned embodiment modes and Embodiments 1 to 4.

Embodiment 6

In this embodiment, applications of a semiconductor device of thepresent invention (corresponding to the wireless tag 200 in FIG. 13A)are described with reference to FIGS. 18A to 19E. The wireless tag 200can be incorporated in, for example, bills, coins, securities, bearerbonds, certificates (driving license, resident card, and the like, seeFIG. 19A), containers for wrapping objects (wrapping paper, bottle, andthe like, see FIG. 19B), recording media such as DVD software, CDs, andvideo tapes (see FIG. 19C), vehicles such as cars, motorbikes, andbicycles (see FIG. 19D), personal belongings such as bags and glasses(see FIG. 19E), foods, clothes, commodities, electronic apparatuses, andthe like. The electronic apparatuses include a liquid crystal displaydevice, an EL (electroluminescence) display device, a television set(also simply called a television or a television receiver), a mobilephone set, and the like.

The wireless tag 200 can be fixed to an object by being attached to thesurface of the object or embedded in the object. For example, thewireless tag 200 may be embedded in paper of a book, or organic resin ofa package. When the wireless tag 200 is incorporated in bills, coins,securities, bearer bonds, certificates, and the like, forgery thereofcan be prevented. Furthermore, when the wireless tag 200 is incorporatedin containers for wrapping objects, recording media, personalbelongings, foods, clothes, commodities, electronic apparatuses, and thelike, an inspection system, a rental system, and the like can beperformed more efficiently. The wireless tag 200 can also preventvehicles from being forged or stolen. In addition, when the wireless tag200 is implanted into creatures such as animals, each creature can beidentified easily. For example, when the wireless tag is implanted intocreatures such as domestic animals, the year of birth, sex, breed, andthe like thereof can be identified easily.

As described above, the wireless tag 200 of the present invention can beincorporated in any object (including creatures).

The wireless tag 200 has various advantages such that data can betransmitted and received by wireless communication, the wireless tag canbe processed into various shapes, and wide directivity and recognitionrange are achieved depending on a selected frequency.

Next, one mode of a system using the wireless tag 200 is described withreference to FIGS. 18A to 18C. A reader/writer 9520 (corresponding tothe reader/writer 201 in FIG. 13A) is provided on a side of a portableterminal including a display portion 9521. A semiconductor device 9523of the present invention (corresponding to the wireless tag 200 in FIG.13A) is provided on a side of an object A 9522, and a semiconductordevice 9531 of the present invention is provided on a top surface of anobject B 9532 (see FIG. 18A). When the reader/writer 9520 is broughtclose to the semiconductor device 9523 included in the object A 9522,information on the object A 9522, such as ingredients, place of origin,test result in each production step, history of the distributionprocess, and explanation of the object is displayed on the displayportion 9521. When the reader/writer 9520 is brought close to thesemiconductor device 9531 included in the object B 9532, information onthe object B 9532, such as ingredients, place of origin, test result ineach production step, history of the distribution process, andexplanation of the object is displayed on the display portion 9521.

An example of a business model utilizing the system shown in FIG. 18A isdescribed with reference to a flow chart shown in FIG. 18B. Informationon allergy is inputted to a portable terminal (a first step 8001). Theinformation on allergy is information on medical products, theircomponents, or the like which may cause allergic reactions to certainpeople. As described above, information on the object A 9522 is obtainedby the reader/writer 9520 incorporated in the portable terminal (asecond step 8002). Here, the object A 9522 is a medical product. Theinformation on the object A 9522 includes information on the componentsor the like of the object A 9522. The information on allergy is comparedto the obtained information on components or the like of the object A9522, thereby determining whether corresponding components are contained(a third step 8003). If the corresponding components are contained, theuser of the portable terminal is alerted that certain people may haveallergic reactions to the object A (a fourth step 8004). If thecorresponding components are not contained, the user of the portableterminal is informed that certain people are at low risk of havingallergic reactions to the object A (the fact that the object A is safe)(a fifth step 8005). In the fourth step 8004 and the fifth step 8005, inorder to inform the user of the portable terminal, the information maybe displayed on the display portion 9521 of the portable terminal, or analarm of the portable terminal or the like may be sounded.

Alternatively, FIG. 18C shows another example of a business model.Information on combinations of medical products which are dangerous whenused at the same time or combinations of components of medical productswhich are dangerous when used at the same time (hereinafter referred tosimply as combination information) is inputted to a terminal (a firststep 8011). As described above, information on the object A is obtainedby the reader/writer incorporated in the terminal (a second step 8012a). Here, the object A is a medical product. The information on theobject A includes information on components or the like of the object A.Next, as described above, information on the object B is obtained by thereader/writer incorporated in the terminal (a third step 8012 b). Here,the object B is also a medical product. The information on the object Bincludes information on components or the like of the object B. In thisway, information of a plurality of medical products is obtained. Thecombination information is compared to the obtained information of aplurality of objects, thereby determining whether a correspondingcombination of medical products which are dangerous when used at thesame time is contained (a fourth step 8013). If the correspondingcombination is contained, the user of the terminal is alerted (a fifthstep 8014). If the corresponding combination is not contained, the userof the terminal is informed of the safety (a sixth step 8015). In thefifth step and the sixth step, in order to inform the user of theterminal, the information may be displayed on the display portion of theterminal, or an alarm of the portable terminal or the like may besounded.

As described above, by utilizing a semiconductor device of the presentinvention for a system, information can be obtained easily, and a systemwhich realizes high performance and high added values can be provided.

This embodiment can be implemented freely combining with theaforementioned embodiment modes and Embodiments 1 to 5.

This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial No.2005-273356 field in Japan Patent Office on Sep. 21, 2005, the entirecontents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

1. (canceled)
 2. A creature including a semiconductor device comprising:a creature; and a semiconductor device implanted into the creature, thesemiconductor device comprising: an antenna; and a circuit portionconfigured to transmit a signal to the antenna and to receive a signalfrom the antenna, the circuit portion comprising a cyclic redundancycheck circuit and a memory circuit, the memory circuit comprising: afirst transistor; a first invertor comprising a second transistor and athird transistor, and a second invertor comprising a fourth transistorand a fifth transistor, each of the first invertor and the secondinvertor being electrically connected to the first transistor; and asixth transistor electrically connected to the first invertor and thesecond invertor, wherein at least one of the first to sixth transistorscomprises a semiconductor layer comprising a channel forming region, andwherein the channel forming region comprises a metal oxidesemiconductor.
 3. The creature including the semiconductor deviceaccording to claim 2, wherein the memory circuit is an SRAM.
 4. Thecreature including the semiconductor device according to claim 2,wherein the memory circuit includes information about the creature. 5.The creature including the semiconductor device according to claim 2,wherein the cyclic redundancy check circuit comprises: a first shiftregister to a p-th (p is a natural number greater than 1) shift registerwhich each have one stage or a plurality of stages connected in cascade,and in which an inputted signal is delayed and then outputted from theone stage or the plurality of stages, and in which the output from theone stage or the plurality of stages is performed in synchronizationwith a clock signal; a first exclusive OR circuit to a (p−1)th exclusiveOR circuit each calculating an exclusive OR of two inputted signals; anda switching circuit to which a data signal, a select signal, and anoutput of a last stage of the p-th shift register are inputted, andwhich switches one of a first signal or a second signal to be outputtedin response to the select signal, wherein an output of the switchingcircuit is inputted to a first stage of the first shift register,wherein an output of a last stage of an r-th (r is a natural numbersmaller than p) shift register, and the output of the switching circuitare inputted to an r-th exclusive OR circuit, and an output of the r-thexclusive OR circuit is inputted to a first stage of a (r+1)th shiftregister, wherein the first signal is an exclusive OR of the data signaland the output of the last stage of the p-th shift register, and whereinthe second signal is a logical value of “0”.
 6. A creature including asemiconductor device comprising: a creature; and a semiconductor deviceimplanted into the creature, the semiconductor device comprising: anantenna; and a circuit portion configured to transmit a signal to theantenna and to receive a signal from the antenna, the circuit portioncomprising a power supply circuit, a demodulation circuit, a modulationcircuit, a cyclic redundancy check circuit and a memory circuit, thememory circuit comprising: a first transistor; a first invertorcomprising a second transistor and a third transistor, and a secondinvertor comprising a fourth transistor and a fifth transistor, each ofthe first invertor and the second invertor being electrically connectedto the first transistor; and a sixth transistor electrically connectedto the first invertor and the second invertor, wherein at least one ofthe first to sixth transistors comprises a semiconductor layercomprising a channel forming region, and wherein the channel formingregion comprises a metal oxide semiconductor.
 7. The creature includingthe semiconductor device according to claim 6, wherein the memorycircuit is an SRAM.
 8. The creature including the semiconductor deviceaccording to claim 6, wherein the memory circuit includes informationabout the creature.
 9. The creature including the semiconductor deviceaccording to claim 6, wherein the cyclic redundancy check circuitcomprises: a first shift register to a p-th (p is a natural numbergreater than 1) shift register which each have one stage or a pluralityof stages connected in cascade, and in which an inputted signal isdelayed and then outputted from the one stage or the plurality ofstages, and in which the output from the one stage or the plurality ofstages is performed in synchronization with a clock signal; a firstexclusive OR circuit to a (p−1)th exclusive OR circuit each calculatingan exclusive OR of two inputted signals; and a switching circuit towhich a data signal, a select signal, and an output of a last stage ofthe p-th shift register are inputted, and which switches one of a firstsignal or a second signal to be outputted in response to the selectsignal, wherein an output of the switching circuit is inputted to afirst stage of the first shift register, wherein an output of a laststage of an r-th (r is a natural number smaller than p) shift register,and the output of the switching circuit are inputted to an r-thexclusive OR circuit, and an output of the r-th exclusive OR circuit isinputted to a first stage of a (r+1)th shift register, wherein the firstsignal is an exclusive OR of the data signal and the output of the laststage of the p-th shift register, and wherein the second signal is alogical value of “0”.
 10. A creature including a semiconductor devicecomprising: a creature; and a semiconductor device implanted into thecreature, the semiconductor device comprising: an antenna configured toreceive a carrier wave; a pass-band filter configured to remove a noisefrom the carrier wave; a demodulation circuit configured to demodulatethe carrier wave passed through the pass-band filter; a power supplycircuit configured to generate a direct voltage by using the carrierwave passed through the pass-band filter; a code extraction circuitconfigured to extract a code of a signal of the carrier wave demodulatedby the demodulation circuit; a code determination circuit configured toanalyze the code from the code extraction circuit; a cyclic redundancycheck circuit configured to calculate a CRC code corresponding to atransmitting data signal; a control circuit configured to add the CRCcode to the transmitting data signal; a memory circuit configured tooutput a stored unique identifier to the control circuit, the memorycircuit comprising: a first transistor; a first invertor comprising asecond transistor and a third transistor, and a second invertorcomprising a fourth transistor and a fifth transistor, each of the firstinvertor and the second invertor being electrically connected to thefirst transistor; and a sixth transistor electrically connected to thefirst invertor and the second invertor, and a modulation circuitconfigured to load-modulate the carrier wave in accordance with a signalfrom the control circuit, wherein at least one of the first to sixthtransistors comprises a semiconductor layer comprising a channel formingregion, and wherein the channel forming region comprises a metal oxidesemiconductor.
 11. The creature including the semiconductor deviceaccording to claim 10, wherein the memory circuit is an SRAM.
 12. Thecreature including the semiconductor device according to claim 10,wherein the cyclic redundancy check circuit comprises: a first shiftregister to a p-th (p is a natural number greater than 1) shift registerwhich each have one stage or a plurality of stages connected in cascade,and in which an inputted signal is delayed and then outputted from theone stage or the plurality of stages, and in which the output from theone stage or the plurality of stages is performed in synchronizationwith a clock signal; a first exclusive OR circuit to a (p−1)th exclusiveOR circuit each calculating an exclusive OR of two inputted signals; anda switching circuit to which a data signal, a select signal, and anoutput of a last stage of the p-th shift register are inputted, andwhich switches one of a first signal or a second signal to be outputtedin response to the select signal, wherein an output of the switchingcircuit is inputted to a first stage of the first shift register,wherein an output of a last stage of an r-th (r is a natural numbersmaller than p) shift register, and the output of the switching circuitare inputted to an r-th exclusive OR circuit, and an output of the r-thexclusive OR circuit is inputted to a first stage of a (r+1)th shiftregister, wherein the first signal is an exclusive OR of the data signaland the output of the last stage of the p-th shift register, and whereinthe second signal is a logical value of “0”.
 13. A system for detectinga creature including a semiconductor device, the steps comprising:implanting a semiconductor device into a creature; providing a readerclose to the creature; and detecting the semiconductor device in thecreature, wherein the semiconductor device comprising: an antenna; and acircuit portion configured to transmit a signal to the antenna and toreceive a signal from the antenna, the circuit portion comprising acyclic redundancy check circuit and a memory circuit, the memory circuitcomprising: a first transistor; a first invertor comprising a secondtransistor and a third transistor, and a second invertor comprising afourth transistor and a fifth transistor, each of the first invertor andthe second invertor being electrically connected to the firsttransistor; and a sixth transistor electrically connected to the firstinvertor and the second invertor, and wherein at least one of the firstto sixth transistors comprises a semiconductor layer comprising achannel forming region, and wherein the channel forming region comprisesa metal oxide semiconductor.
 14. The system for detecting the creatureincluding the semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein thememory circuit is an SRAM.
 15. The system for detecting the creatureincluding the semiconductor device according to claim 13, wherein thememory circuit includes information about the creature.
 16. The systemfor detecting the creature including the semiconductor device accordingto claim 13, wherein the cyclic redundancy check circuit comprises: afirst shift register to a p-th (p is a natural number greater than 1)shift register which each have one stage or a plurality of stagesconnected in cascade, and in which an inputted signal is delayed andthen outputted from the one stage or the plurality of stages, and inwhich the output from the one stage or the plurality of stages isperformed in synchronization with a clock signal; a first exclusive ORcircuit to a (p−1)th exclusive OR circuit each calculating an exclusiveOR of two inputted signals; and a switching circuit to which a datasignal, a select signal, and an output of a last stage of the p-th shiftregister are inputted, and which switches one of a first signal or asecond signal to be outputted in response to the select signal, whereinan output of the switching circuit is inputted to a first stage of thefirst shift register, wherein an output of a last stage of an r-th (r isa natural number smaller than p) shift register, and the output of theswitching circuit are inputted to an r-th exclusive OR circuit, and anoutput of the r-th exclusive OR circuit is inputted to a first stage ofa (r+1)th shift register, wherein the first signal is an exclusive OR ofthe data signal and the output of the last stage of the p-th shiftregister, and wherein the second signal is a logical value of “0”.
 17. Asystem for detecting a creature including a semiconductor device, thesteps comprising: implanting a semiconductor device into a creature;providing a reader close to a creature; detecting a semiconductor devicein the creature, wherein the semiconductor device comprising: anantenna; and a circuit portion configured to transmit a signal to theantenna and to receive a signal from the antenna, the circuit portioncomprising a power supply circuit, a demodulation circuit, a modulationcircuit, a cyclic redundancy check circuit and a memory circuit, thememory circuit comprising: a first transistor; a first invertorcomprising a second transistor and a third transistor, and a secondinvertor comprising a fourth transistor and a fifth transistor, each ofthe first invertor and the second invertor being electrically connectedto the first transistor; and a sixth transistor electrically connectedto the first invertor and the second invertor, wherein at least one ofthe first to sixth transistors comprises a semiconductor layercomprising a channel forming region, and wherein the channel formingregion comprises a metal oxide semiconductor.
 18. The system fordetecting the creature including the semiconductor device according toclaim 17, wherein the memory circuit is an SRAM.
 19. The system fordetecting the creature including the semiconductor device according toclaim 17, wherein the memory circuit includes information about thecreature.
 20. The system for detecting the creature including thesemiconductor device according to claim 17, wherein the cyclicredundancy check circuit comprises: a first shift register to a p-th (pis a natural number greater than 1) shift register which each have onestage or a plurality of stages connected in cascade, and in which aninputted signal is delayed and then outputted from the one stage or theplurality of stages, and in which the output from the one stage or theplurality of stages is performed in synchronization with a clock signal;a first exclusive OR circuit to a (p−1)th exclusive OR circuit eachcalculating an exclusive OR of two inputted signals; and a switchingcircuit to which a data signal, a select signal, and an output of a laststage of the p-th shift register are inputted, and which switches one ofa first signal or a second signal to be outputted in response to theselect signal, wherein an output of the switching circuit is inputted toa first stage of the first shift register, wherein an output of a laststage of an r-th (r is a natural number smaller than p) shift register,and the output of the switching circuit are inputted to an r-thexclusive OR circuit, and an output of the r-th exclusive OR circuit isinputted to a first stage of a (r+1)th shift register, wherein the firstsignal is an exclusive OR of the data signal and the output of the laststage of the p-th shift register, and wherein the second signal is alogical value of “0”.
 21. A system for detecting a creature including asemiconductor device, the steps comprising: implanting a semiconductordevice into a creature; providing a reader close to the creature; anddetecting the semiconductor device in the creature, wherein thesemiconductor device comprising: an antenna configured to receive acarrier wave; a pass-band filter configured to remove a noise from thecarrier wave; a demodulation circuit configured to demodulate thecarrier wave passed through the pass-band filter; a power supply circuitconfigured to generate a direct voltage by using the carrier wave passedthrough the pass-band filter; a code extraction circuit configured toextract a code of a signal of the carrier wave demodulated by thedemodulation circuit; a code determination circuit configured to analyzethe code from the code extraction circuit; a cyclic redundancy checkcircuit configured to calculate a CRC code corresponding to atransmitting data signal; a control circuit configured to add the CRCcode to the transmitting data signal; a memory circuit configured tooutput a stored unique identifier to the control circuit, the memorycircuit comprising: a first transistor; a first invertor comprising asecond transistor and a third transistor, and a second invertorcomprising a fourth transistor and a fifth transistor, each of the firstinvertor and the second invertor being electrically connected to thefirst transistor; and a sixth transistor electrically connected to thefirst invertor and the second invertor, and a modulation circuitconfigured to load-modulate the carrier wave in accordance with a signalfrom the control circuit, wherein at least one of the first to sixthtransistors comprises a semiconductor layer comprising a channel formingregion, and wherein the channel forming region comprises a metal oxidesemiconductor.
 22. The system for detecting the creature including thesemiconductor device according to claim 21, wherein the memory circuitis an SRAM.
 23. The system for detecting the creature including thesemiconductor device according to claim 21, wherein the cyclicredundancy check circuit comprises: a first shift register to a p-th (pis a natural number greater than 1) shift register which each have onestage or a plurality of stages connected in cascade, and in which aninputted signal is delayed and then outputted from the one stage or theplurality of stages, and in which the output from the one stage or theplurality of stages is performed in synchronization with a clock signal;a first exclusive OR circuit to a (p−1)th exclusive OR circuit eachcalculating an exclusive OR of two inputted signals; and a switchingcircuit to which a data signal, a select signal, and an output of a laststage of the p-th shift register are inputted, and which switches one ofa first signal or a second signal to be outputted in response to theselect signal, wherein an output of the switching circuit is inputted toa first stage of the first shift register, wherein an output of a laststage of an r-th (r is a natural number smaller than p) shift register,and the output of the switching circuit are inputted to an r-thexclusive OR circuit, and an output of the r-th exclusive OR circuit isinputted to a first stage of a (r+1)th shift register, wherein the firstsignal is an exclusive OR of the data signal and the output of the laststage of the p-th shift register, and wherein the second signal is alogical value of “0”.